What is considered the basic instrument of government instituted in 1789?

The US Constitution is recognized as the fundamental framework of the United States government, having been instituted in 1789. It establishes the structure, powers, and limitations of the government, outlining the roles of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Moreover, the Constitution also includes provisions for the amendment process, demonstrating a mechanism for evolving governance.

This foundational document emerged to address the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation, which was the first governing document but lacked the strength necessary to effectively manage the young nation. While the Bill of Rights is essential for safeguarding individual liberties and the Declaration of Independence played a crucial role in articulating the colonies' reasoning for breaking away from British rule, they are not the primary instruments of government as the Constitution is. The Constitution’s role as the supreme law of the land is what makes it central to the governance and operation of the United States.